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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 27, 2015 15:54:28 GMT
Abandoning Taqlīd & Obligating Knowing the Proofs Upon the Commonfolk IntroductionThe religion of Islām has been made easy in terms of it's practicality, we find this is true due to the fact that the relinquishing of its duties is within our capabilities whilst still getting along with our daily chores whether they are work, study, running a family and then still finding time to socialise (online and offline). This is because Allāh has mentioned that He doesn't burden our souls with more than they can bear (al-Qur'ān, 2:185). Among the many blessings that Allāh has given us (the common-folk) is to have trust in our Scholars of Dīn, to rely upon them without having to go deep into the sources (ourselves), extracting rulings of fiqh (peripheral issues) and then having to act upon them. However, by His grace we are not told to look at the proof which the Scholars utilise, rather to only ask the people of knoweldge when the need arises and accept it (al-Qur'ān, 21:7). This is something which has been accepted by the ummah and its scholars for over a millennium and such can be easily gleaned from a look into the books of Tabaqāt and Tārīkh. Those who deny this fact are nothing more than deluded revisionists of history who distort our heritage in order to make it fit their absurd claims. As many who are reading this will know, a recent sect, which popped up not too long ago, actually advocates that the layperson (those who have no deep learning of the Islamic sciences) should follow the 'stronger' proofs and not to 'blindly follow' any Scholar. Not only is this a flawed concept in and of itself, but such a concept will inevitably overburden the general masses (to do that which is beyond their capabilities). It is also something that Allāh did not command them (the common-folk) to do. Most intriguing is the fact that this opinion takes root in a historical sect known as the Muʿtazilah, a heretical sect, which was then mimicked by the Qadariyyah in regards to it. The following compilation of quotes proves beyond doubt that such an opinion is in actual fact a revival of the methodology of the Mu‘tazilites and Qadirites. The irony of all of this is that this recently mushroomed sect is against any sort of innovation in religion, yet they are guilty of the biggest innovation, which is forcing the laity to delve into the sources of the religion to do DIY Ijtihād. To add insult to injury, this defunct concept is not from the Scholars of the Ahl 'l-Sunnah, but rather a heretical sect which has now died out. Relevant quotes reflecting today's SalafīsIn al-Iḥkām fī Usūl al-Aḥkām of Imām Sayf al-Dīn al-Āmidī (d.631 AH), he says regarding Taqlīd (4/229): العامي ومن ليس له أهلية الاجتهاد ، وإن كان محصلا لبعض العلوم المعتبرة في الاجتهاد يلزمه اتباع قول المجتهدين والأخذ بفتواه عند المحققين من الأصوليين . ومنع من ذلك بعض معتزلة البغداديين وقالوا : لا يجوز ذلك إلا بعد أن يتبين له صحة اجتهاده بدليله ونقل عن الجبائي أنه أباح ذلك في مسائل الاجتهاد دون غيرها كالعبادات الخمس والمختار إنما هو المذهب الأول ، ويدل عليه النص والإجماع والمعقول . "The laity are not from those that have the quality of ijtihād, even if they were to acquaint themselves with some decent knowledge of the sciences related to ijtihād, it is (still) mandatory upon them to follow the Mujtahidīn and take their fatāwā, (this being) in accordance with the verifiers from the Usūliyyīn. (However) Some of the Muʾtazilites of Baghdād prohibited this and said: '(even) that is not permitted (ie. taking of the fatwā of the Muftī by the layperson) unless he distinguishes the authenticity of his (Muftī's) ijtihād with proof'. It is related from al-Jubbā'ī that he permitted that in matters of ijtihād with the exception of a few things like praying of the five (obligatory prayers). The correct view is that of the first school (that it is mandatory for the laymen to take the fatwā of their Muftī without knowing the proof), and upon this is clear proof, Ijmāʾ and common sense". |
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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 27, 2015 18:56:05 GMT
Another Scholar that can be added is Abū Bakr Aḥmad al-Khatīb al-Baghdādī (d.463 AH), he mentions in his book al-Faqīh wa 'l-Mutafaqqih (2/133): وحكي عن بعض المعتزلة , أنه قال : لا يجوز للعامي العمل بقول العالم حتى يعرف علة الحكم , وإذا سأل العالم فإنما يسأله أن يعرفه طريق الحكم , فإذا عرفه وقف عليه وعمل به وهذا غلط لأنه لا سبيل للعامي إلى الوقوف على ذلك , إلا بعد أن يتفقه سنين كثيرة , ويخالط الفقهاء المدة الطويلة , ويتحقق طرق القياس "It is related that some of the Muʾtazilites said: 'It is not permitted for a layman to act upon the fatwa of an ʿĀlim until he knows the reason behind such ruling (ie. proof). So when he (does) ask the ʿĀlim he should ask him so he (himself) comes to understand the ruling (ie. knowing the proof himself). After he does understand it he should apply it (ie. the ruling)'. (Al-Khatīb then says:) This is wrong! There is absolutely no way for the layman to do that, except after studying many years, mixing with the fuqahā' for long periods of time and (then) understand the intricacies of analogical reasoning". |
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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 28, 2015 19:20:22 GMT
Another great Scholar to add to the list is Imām Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d.505 AH), he mentions in al-Mustaṣfā fī ʿIlm 'l-Usūl (pg.373): العامي يجب عليه الاستفتاء واتباع العلماء . وقال قوم من القدرية : يلزمهم النظر في الدليل واتباع الإمام المعصوم وهذا باطل بمسلكين : أحدهما : إجماع الصحابة فإنهم كانوا يفتون العوام ولا يأمرونهم بنيل درجة الاجتهاد... المسلك الثاني : أن الإجماع منعقد على أن العامي مكلف بالأحكام ، وتكليفه طلب رتبة الاجتهاد محال ; لأنه يؤدي إلى أن ينقطع الحرث والنسل وتتعطل الحرف والصنائع ويؤدي إلى خراب الدنيا "It is obligatory upon the layman to seek religious edicts (fatāwā) and follow the Scholars, while a group from the Qadarites[1] said: 'It is obligatory upon the laity to seek the proof and follow Rasūlullāh صلى الله عليه وسلم.' (Al-Ghazzālī then says) 'This (view of the Qadarites) is bāṭil in two ways, one is; the consensus (Ijmāʾ) of the Companions رضي الله عنهم, for they used to issue rulings to the laity (ʿawām), and they did not command them to attain the level of Ijtihād... The second (reason why it is bāṭil) is; that the consensus is upheld that the layperson will be overwhelmed with the religious rulings. His overburdening to attain the level of Ijtihād would be absurd because it will lead to the abandonment of work and future posterity, it will damage trading and craftsmanship which will then lead to the destruction of our world".
[1] The Qadarites are a distinct sect from the Muʾtazilites. |
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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 29, 2015 11:52:37 GMT
Imām Muwaffaq al-Dīn Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī (d.620 AH), the erudite Ḥanbalī Scholar also echoes the exact sentiments mentioned by al-Ghazālī, in his Rawdhat al-Nāẓir wa Jannat al-Manāẓir (1/383): وأما التقليد في الفروع فهو جائز إجماعا فكانت الحجة فيه الإجماع ولأن المجتهد في الفروع إما مصيب وإما مخطىء مثاب غير مأثوم...وذهب بعض القدرية إلى أن العامة يلزمهم النظر في الدليل في الفروع أيضا وهو باطل بإجماع الصحابة فإنهم كانوا يفتون العامة ولا يأمرونهم بنيل درجة الاجتهاد وذلك معلوم بالضرورة والتواتر من علمائهم وعوامهم ولأن الإجماع منعقد على تكليف العامي الأحكام وتكليفه رتبة الاجتهاد يؤدي إلى انقطاع الحرث والنسل وتعطيل الحرف والصنائع فيؤدي إلى خراب الدنيا "As for taqlīd in peripheral issues (furūʿ) then it is permitted according to the scholarly consensus, for there is proof in the scholarly consensus. This is because whether the Mujtahid is correct (in his religious edicts) or whether he errs, (regardless) is rewarded without sin... while a group from the Qadarites said: 'It is obligatory upon the laity to seek the proof for peripheral issues (furūʿ) also', (Ibn Qudāmah then says) and it (this opinion of the Qadarites) is bāṭil (null) according to the consensus (Ijmāʾ) of the Companions رضي الله عنهم, for they used to issue rulings to the laity (ʿawām), and they did not command them to attain the level of Ijtihād as that is known in our religion by necessity and what was multiply narrated from their scholars and their laity, because the consensus is upheld that the layperson will be overwhelmed with the religious rulings. His overburdening to attain the level of Ijtihād would be absurd because it will lead to the abandonment of work and future posterity, it will damage trading and craftsmanship which will then lead to the destruction of our world". |
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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 30, 2015 9:05:11 GMT
Another Ḥanbalī Scholar to add is Imām Muḥammad al-Saffārīnī (d.1188 AH), who mentions in his Lawāmiʾ al-Anwār al-Bahiyyah (2/465): قال الإمام موفق الدين في الروضة: وأما التقليد في الفروع فهو جائز إجماعا، قال: وذهب بعض القدرية إلى أن العامة يلزمهم النظر في الدليل، واستدل لجواز التقليد بقوله تعالى: (فاسألوا أهل الذكر إن كنتم لا تعلمون)... وأيضا الإجماع فإن العوام يقلدون العلماء من غير إبداء مستند من غير نكير، وأيضا عدم القول بذلك يؤدي إلى خراب الدنيا بترك المعاش والصنائع... قال الإمام مالك: يجب على العوام تقليد المجتهدين في الأحكام، كما يجب على المجتهدين الاجتهاد في أعيان الأدلة، خلافا للمعتزلة البغدادية فإنهم وافقوا القدرية في إيجابهم على العوام الاجتهاد "Imām Ibn Qudāmah mentioned in Rawdhah: 'As for taqlīd in peripheral issues (furūʿ) then it is permittted according to the scholarly consensus (ijmāʿ)'. He also said: 'Some of the Qadarites are of the view that it is obligatory upon the laity to look at the proof'. (al-Saffārīnī says) The proof that bases the permissibility of taqlīd is taken from the following verse: 'Ask the people of knowledge if you do not know'... also there is consensus that the laity do taqlīd of the Scholars without (their scholars) providing proof and without being rebuked. Without this opinion (the permissibility of taqlīd) it will lead to the downfall of our worldly life, the abandonment of livelihood and trade... Imām Mālik said: 'Taqlīd is obligatory upon the laity of the Mujtahidīn in the Aḥkām just as it is obligatory upon the Mujtahidīn to do Ijtihād with suitable proofs'. (al-Saffārīnī says) the Muʾtazilites of Baghdād were against this for they agreed with the Qadarites that the laymen are obliged to do Ijtihād (also)". |
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Post by AbuHumayd on Aug 31, 2015 17:38:16 GMT
The above quotes have made it abundantly clear that the common-folk do not look at the proofs of their Scholars in fiqh, nor do they weigh the opinions according to the strength of the proof, and upon this - as clearly mentioned - is ijmā‘, even if they may have some decent amount of knowledge (as mentioned by the Uṣūlī Scholar, al-Āmidī). It is also proven that such an opinion originates from none other than the heretcial sects; the Mu‘tazilah and their off-shoot sect, the Qadariyyah. Although a fringe minority did hold such an opinion from amongst the Ẓāhirī Scholars, however was was not recieved well by the Scholars of the Ahl 'l-Sunnah hence they have written refutations of it as can be clearly understood from above. The reason for this is that the laypeople cannot be given authority over nusūs (religious texts) and dīnī affairs, just like they cannot be given authority in dunyawī affairs if they do not have knowledge in that particular field, like for example diagnosing illnesses, prescibing medicine, or even operating at the theatre; all of which requires vast knowledge in the subject area, certification and even experience. Unfortunately this view has gained popularity among the contemporary Salafī sect. From their leaders, Sh. Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī advocates this view in his book al-Ḥadīth Ḥujjah bi-Nafsih (1/81), first he quotes Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr: ولم تختلف العلماء أن العامة عليها تقليد علمائها وأنهم المرادون بقول الله عز وجل: {فَاسْأَلوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ لا تَعْلَمُونَ} وأجمعوا على أن الأعمى لا بد له من تقليد غيره ممن يثق بمعرفته بالقبلة إذا أشكلت عليه فكذلك من لا علم له ولا بصر بمعنى ما يدين به لا بد له من تقليد عالمه وكذلك لم يختلف العلماء أنه لا يجوز للعامة الفتيا وذلك - والله أعلم - لجهلها بالمعاني التي منها يجوز التحليل والتحريم" "There is no disagreement amongst the Scholars regarding the obligation upon the common folk to do taqlīd. For they are the ones that are being referred to in the following verse, 'And ask the people of knowledge if you do not know.' Scholars also have agreed that the blind must do taqlīd of others, from those who he trusts if he wants to know the direction of the Qiblah when he finds it difficult upon himself to find it. Similarly, one who has no knoweldge and insight of what the understanding is regarding what is in front of him, will have to do taqlīd of his scholar. Also, there is no disagreements amongst the Scholars that it is not permitted for the laity to issue religious edicts and that is because - and Allāh knows best - the laity are ignorant of the meanings (meaning they do not undersand it) from that which is permitted and not permitted." Before al-Albānī's view is given, it is imperative to know - from the above - the views Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr in a nutshell: 1. Taqlīd is an obligation upon the common-folk.
2. The common-folk do not understand the detailed proofs.Sh. al-Albānī then makes a distinction: على أنني أرى إطلاق الكلام في العامي وأنه لا بد له من تقليد لا يخلو من شيء. لأنك إذا تذكرت أن التقليد هو العمل بقول الغير من غير حجة فمن السهل في كثير من الأحيان على بعض أذكياء العامة أن يعرف الحجة لوضوحها في النص الذي بلغه فمن الذي يزعم أن مثل قوله صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم: "التيمم ضربة واحدة للوجه والكفين" لا تبين الحجة فيه لهم بل ولمن دونهم في الذكاء؟ ولذلك فالحق أن يقال: إن من عجز عن معرفة الدليل فهو الذي يجب عليه التقليد (Translation available online) "However, I (al-Albānī) believe that to generalize about commoners, saying that they all must perform Taqleed, is invalid. Taqleed is following sayings of others without evidence to prove these sayings. Many smart commoners can clearly understand evidence if it is presented to them. Who can deny that a commoner can understand the evidence contained in the Hadeeth, ‘Tayammum (performing dry ablution with sand when water is scarce) is one strike (on the sand) for the face and hands!’ Even those people, who are of minor comprehension, can understand this Hadeeth. Therefore, the truth is that we must say that Taqleed is allowed for whoever cannot search for or understand the evidence". Due to the above tacit approval of their leader it has given way to the illiterates in this sect to always want to look at proofs and weigh up their strengths. This is known as the 'rājiḥ qawl' fitnah that is in vogue. Truth be told many from this sect are oblivious with regards to how to recite the Qur'ān properly with its Aḥkām, let alone trying to understand complex issues. Ultimately, this much is clear, they are modern day revivers of this Mu‘tazilī methodology. |
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